About this Document............................................2
What is NetBSD?................................................2
Changes Between The NetBSD 3.0 and 4.0 Releases................3
Networking..................................................3
Filesystems.................................................3
Drivers.....................................................4
Platforms...................................................6
Kernel subsystems...........................................6
Security....................................................7
Userland....................................................8
Components removed from NetBSD..............................9
The Future of NetBSD...........................................9
Sources of NetBSD.............................................10
NetBSD 4.0_RC2 Release Contents...............................10
NetBSD/cats subdirectory structure.........................11
Binary distribution sets...................................12
NetBSD/cats System Requirements and Supported Devices.........13
Supported Chalice CATS devices.............................13
Supported Intel EBSA285 & Chalice CATS PCI devices.........13
Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media..................14
Preparing your System for NetBSD installation.................16
Available Boot Media.......................................17
Preparing the Bootable Media...............................17
Booting from CD-ROM........................................17
Installing the NetBSD System..................................17
Running the sysinst installation program...................17
Introduction............................................17
Possible hardware problems..............................17
General.................................................17
Quick install...........................................18
Booting NetBSD..........................................19
Network configuration...................................19
Installation drive selection and parameters.............19
Partitioning the disk...................................19
Preparing your hard disk................................20
Getting the distribution sets...........................20
Installation using ftp..................................20
Installation using NFS..................................21
Installation from CD-ROM................................21
Installation from an unmounted file system..............21
Installation from a local directory.....................21
Extracting the distribution sets........................21
Finalizing your installation............................22
Post installation steps.......................................22
Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System................25
Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases............25
Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 2.1 and older......26
Issues affecting an upgrade from NetBSD 3.x releases.......26
Using online NetBSD documentation.............................27
Administrivia.................................................27
Thanks go to..................................................28
We are........................................................28
Legal Mumbo-Jumbo.............................................34
The End.......................................................40
This document describes the installation procedure for
NetBSD
4.0_RC2 on the
cats
platform.
It is available in four different formats titled
INSTALL.ext,
where
.ext
is one of
.ps, .html, .more,
or .txt:
.ps.html.moremore(1)
and
less(1)
pager utility programs.
This is the format in which the on-line
man
pages are generally presented.
.txtYou are reading the HTML version.
The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the University of California, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on fifty four different system architectures (ports), featuring seventeen machine architectures across fifteen distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 4.0_RC2 release contains complete binary releases for many different system architectures. (A few ports are not fully supported at this time and are thus not part of the binary distribution. For information on them, please see the NetBSD web site at http://www.NetBSD.org/.)
NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD features a complete set of user utilities, compilers for several languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code.
NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet community. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, it's likely that NetBSD wouldn't exist.
The NetBSD4.0 release provides numerous significant functional enhancements, including support for many new devices, integration of hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and many user-land enhancements. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems.
It is impossible to completely summarize more than a year of development that went into the NetBSD 4.0_RC2 release.
The complete list of changes can be found in the CHANGES: ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-4.0/CHANGES and CHANGES-4.0: ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-4.0/CHANGES-4.0 files in the top level directory of the NetBSD 4.0 release tree. Some highlights include:
agr(4):
new pseudo-device driver for link level aggregation.
gre(4)
tunnels and the
tun(4)
device.
ndiscvt(8).
options(4)
and
in_getifa(9).
wpa_supplicant(8)
and
wpa_cli(8).
Utilities to connect and handle aspects of 802.11 WPA networks.
hostapd(8).
An authenticator for IEEE 802.11 networks.
carp(4):
imported Common Address Redundancy Protocol to allow multiple hosts to share a set of IP addresses for high availability / redundancy, from OpenBSD.
ftpd(8)
can now run in standalone mode, instead of from
inetd(8).
tftp(1)
now has support for multicast TFTP operation in open-loop mode, server is in progress.
scan_ffs(8),
scan_lfs(8):
Utilities to find FFSv1/v2 and LFS partitions to recover lost disklabels.
mount_tmpfs(8).
mount_udf(8).
Read-only for now.
newfs_sysvbfs(8)
and
mount_sysvbfs(8).
auich(4):
added support to handle the AC'97 modem as audio device, enabled with the kernel option
``AUICH_ATTACH_MODEM''
azalia(4):
added support for S/PDIF.
amdpm(4):
added support for the i2c bus on the AMD-8111 used on many Opteron motherboards and for the Analog Devices ADT7464 hardware monitor chip.
adt7467c(4):
new driver for Analog Devices ADT7467 and ADM1030 hardware monitor chips.
ipmi(4):
new driver for motherboards implementing the Intelligent Platform Management Interface 1.5 or 2.0, from OpenBSD.
it(4):
new driver for iTE 8705F/8712F and SiS 950 hardware monitors.
lm(4)
driver was rewritten and support for more chips was added, for example for Winbond W83627HF, W83627THF, W83627DHG and Asus AS99127F.
owtemp(4):
new driver for the 1-Wire temperature sensors.
tmp121temp(4):
new driver for the Texas Instruments TMP121 temperature sensor.
ug(4):
new driver for ASUS Abit uGuru hardware monitor found on newer ASUS motherboards.
ath(4):
updated HALs with support for WiSOC (AR531x) and 32bit SPARC.
bge(4):
added support for the following chips: BCM5753, BCM5753M, BCM5715, BCM5754, BCM5755 and BCM5787. Numerous improvements and bugfixes were made too.
kse(4):
new driver for Micrel KSZ8842/8841 PCI network cards.
msk(4):
new driver for Marvell Yukon 2 GigE PCI network cards, from OpenBSD.
nfe(4):
new driver for NVIDIA nForce Ethernet network cards, from OpenBSD.
ral(4):
new 802.11 driver for PCI/Cardbus Ralink RT2500, RT2501, RT2600, RT2661 and RT2500 USB chipsets, from OpenBSD.
rum(4):
new 802.11 driver for USB Ralink RT2501 and RT2601 chipsets, from OpenBSD.
sip(4):
now works on sparc64.
tlp(4):
added support for ASIX AX88140A and AX88141.
vr(4):
added support for the VIA Rhine III.
wm(4):
added support for i8003, ICH8, ICH9 and others.
wpi(4):
new driver for Intel PRO/Wireless 3945ABG PCI 802.11 network cards, from OpenBSD.
glxsb(4):
new driver for the AMD Geode LX AES Security Block that provides random numbers and AES acceleration, from OpenBSD.
ahcisata(4):
new driver for AHCI 1.0 and 1.1 compliant SATA controllers.
ataraid(4):
added support to handle Adaptec HostRAID and VIA V-Tech software RAID.
ciss(4):
new driver for HP/Compaq 5th+ generation Smart ARRAY controllers, from OpenBSD.
fdc(4):
added support for SBus based sparc64 machines and fixed formatting on sparc.
gcscide(4):
new driver for the AMD Geode CS5535 Companion Device IDE controller.
jmide(4):
new driver for JMicron Technology JMB36x PCIe to SATA II/PATA controllers.
mfi(4):
new driver for LSI Logic and Dell MegaRAID SAS controllers, from OpenBSD.
njata(4):
new driver for Workbit NinjaATA-32 CardBus IDE controller.
svwsata(4):
new driver for Serverworks K2 SATA controllers, from OpenBSD.
viaide(4)
added support for the VIA VT8237A SATA controller and AMD CS5536 Companion Device IDE Controller.
ucycom(4):
new driver for Cypress microcontroller based serial devices.
uipaq(4):
new driver for the iPAQ devices.
uslsa(4):
new driver for Silicon Labs CP210x series serial adapters.
utoppy(4):
new driver for the Topfield TF5000PVR range of digital video recorders.
vesafb(4):
added new framebuffer driver that supports VESA BIOS (VBE) 2.0 extensions and up.
teliosio(4)
driver for the Sharp Telios LCD screen and Battery unit.
midi(4)
framework got a complete overhaul for better support of Active Sensing and improved handling of tempo and timebase changes.
ubt(4)
for USB controllers, and
bt3c(4)
for the 3Com Bluetooth PC-Card.
See
bluetooth(4),
bthset(1)
and
btpin(1).
bio(4)
framework from OpenBSD, to query/control block device controllers. Currently supporting the
mfi(4)
driver.
dkctl(8)
can be used to switch buffer queuing strategies on the fly, see also
bufq(9).
fileassoc(9)
is used by Veriexec, it adds in-kernel and file-system independent file meta-data association interface.
firmload(9):
An API for loading firmware images used by various hardware devices.
gpio(4):
Imported General Purpose I/O framework from OpenBSD.
onewire(4):
Imported Dallas Semiconductor 1-wire bus framework from OpenBSD.
proplib(3)
protocol was added for sending property lists to/from the kernel using ioctls.
spi(4):
New SPI (Serial Peripherial Interface) framework.
timecounter(9)
adds a new time-keeping infrastructure along with NTP API 4 nanokernel implementation. Almost all platforms were changed to support this API.
wscons(4)
console driver supports splash screens, scrolling, progress bar for kernel and boot messages.
Kernel interfaces have continued to be refined, and more subsystems and device drivers are shared among the different ports. You can look for this trend to continue.
fast_ipsec(4)
for more information.
mprotect(2)
got restrictions to enforce W^X policies, from PaX. See
options(4),
sysctl(3),
and
paxctl(1).
security(8).
kauth(9)
was added, replacing the traditional BSD credential management and privileged operation access control with an abstract layer, allowing the implementation of various security models either as part of the NetBSD distribution or as third-party LKMs.
NetBSD's kernel authorization is a hybrid clean-room implementation of a similar interface developed by Apple, extending its capabilities and combining concepts of credential inheritance control.
cksum(1)
can now verify checksums.
identd(1):
added support for forwarding ident queries and receiving of proxied ident queries.
getent(1):
added support for the ethers database.
iscsi-target(8);
Initiator (client) code is underway.
lockstat(8):
new command to display a summary of kernel locking events recorded over the lifetime of a called program.
btconfig(8)
for controller configuration.
btdevctl(8)
to manage pseudo devices relating to remote services.
bthcid(8)
and
btpin(1)
for authenticating radio connections.
sdpd(8)
for providing service discovery to remote devices.
sdpquery(1)
for querying services on remote devices.
rfcomm_sppd(1)
to access remote services over RFCOMM via stdio or pty.
bthset(1)
for making connections to Bluetooth headsets.
Besides this list, there there have also been innumerable bug fixes and other miscellaneous enhancements of course.
In this release of NetBSD, some software components known from previous releases were removed from the system. In some cases those were components that are not useful anymore or their utility does not justify maintenance overhead. Other components were not working properly and there was lack of interest in fixing them.
sendmail(1)
command line tool. Postfix has been included with NetBSD since NetBSD 1.5 was released in December 2005. Details about Postfix can be found in the
NetBSD Guide:
http://www.NetBSD.org/docs/guide/en/chap-mail.html.
For those who need Sendmail, it is available from pkgsrc in the
mail/sendmail
and
mail/sendmail813
packages.
net/uucp
package. The
cu(1)
command is available as a frontend to
tip(1).
lang/gcc3-f77
package.
The NetBSD Foundation has been incorporated as a non-profit organization. Its purpose is to encourage, foster and promote the free exchange of computer software, namely the NetBSD Operating System. The foundation will allow for many things to be handled more smoothly than could be done with our previous informal organization. In particular, it provides the framework to deal with other parties that wish to become involved in the NetBSD Project.
The NetBSD Foundation will help improve the quality of NetBSD by:
We intend to begin narrowing the time delay between releases. Our ambition is to provide a full release every six to eight months.
We hope to support even more hardware in the future, and we have a rather large number of other ideas about what can be done to improve NetBSD.
We intend to continue our current practice of making the NetBSD-current development source available on a daily basis.
We intend to integrate free, positive changes from whatever sources submit them, providing that they are well thought-out and increase the usability of the system.
Above all, we hope to create a stable and accessible system, and to be
responsive to the needs and desires of
NetBSD
users, because it is for
and because of them that
NetBSD
exists.
Refer to
http://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/.
The root directory of the NetBSD 4.0_RC2 release is organized as follows:
.../NetBSD-4.0_RC2/
CHANGESLAST_MINUTEMIRRORSREADME.filesTODOpatches/source/In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architectures for which NetBSD 4.0_RC2 has a binary distribution.
The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the
source
subdirectory of the distribution tree.
They contain the complete sources to the system.
The source distribution sets are as follows:
config(1);
and
dbsym(8).
All the above source sets are located in the
source/sets
subdirectory of the distribution tree.
The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files.
Except for the
pkgsrc
set, which is traditionally unpacked into
/usr/pkgsrc,
all sets may be unpacked into
/usr/src
with the command:
# cd / ; tar -zxpf set_name.tgz
In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory:
BSDSUMCKSUMMD5SYSVSUMThe MD5 digest is the safest checksum, followed by the POSIX checksum. The other two checksums are provided only to ensure that the widest possible range of system can check the integrity of the release files.
cats
subdirectory of the distribution:
.../NetBSD-4.0_RC2/cats/.
It contains the following files and directories:
INSTALL.htmlINSTALL.psINSTALL.txtINSTALL.more.more
file contains underlined text using the
more(1)
conventions for indicating italic and bold display.
binary/kernel/netbsd-GENERIC.gzsets/installation/kernel/cats/binary/sets
subdirectory
of the
NetBSD4.0_RC2
distribution tree, and are as follows:
/usr/include)
and the various system libraries (except the shared
libraries, which are included as part of the
base
set).
This set also includes the manual pages for
all of the utilities it contains, as well as the
system call and library manual pages.
/etc
and in several other places.
This set
must
be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should
not
be used if you are upgrading.
GENERIC
kernel, named
/netbsd.
You
must
install this distribution set.
This set also contains an a.out kernel named
/netbsd.aout
that your system may need to boot.
/usr/share.
groff(1),
all related programs, and their manual pages.
NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibility. These sources are based on XFree86, and tightly track XFree86 releases. They are currently equivalent to XFree86 4.4.0. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are:
The cats binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files
named with the extension
.tgz,
e.g.
base.tgz.
The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally
well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that
method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore
the files are extracted
below the current directory.
Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e.
replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the
tar -xpf
command from the root directory (
/
) of your system.
This utility is used only in a Traditional method installation.
NetBSD/cats 4.0_RC2 runs on a Chalice CATS systems from Simtec Electronics and Intel EBSA boards. The minimal configuration is said to require 8 MB of RAM and 50 MB of disk space, though we do not know of anyone running with a system quite this minimal today. To install the entire system requires much more disk space (the unpacked binary distribution, without sources, requires at least 65 MB without counting space needed for swap space, etc), and to run X or compile the system, more RAM is recommended. (8 MB of RAM will actually allow you to run X and/or compile, but it won't be speedy. Note that until you have around 16 MB of RAM, getting more RAM is more important than getting a faster CPU.)
Drivers for hardware marked with ``[*]'' are not present in installation kernels.
Other PCI devices may be supported by Intel EBSA285 & Chalice CATS but
have not been tested.
You will need to create a CD with an install kernel on it or have another machine available to allow net booting.
Note that if you are installing or upgrading from a writable media, the media can be write-protected if you wish. These systems mount a root image from inside the kernel, and will not need to write to the media. If you booted from a floppy, the floppy disk may be removed from the drive after the system has booted.
Installation is supported from several media types, including:
The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend upon which installation medium you choose. The steps for the various media are outlined below.
binary/sets
and
cats/binary/sets.
Proceed to the instruction on installation.
split(1)
command, running e.g.
split -b 235k base.tgz base.
to split the
base.tgz
file from
cats/binary/sets
into files named
base.aa,
base.ab,
and so on.
Repeat this for all
set_name.tgz
files, splitting them into
set_name.xx
files.
Count the number of
set_name.xx
files that make up the
distribution sets you want to install or upgrade.
You will need one sixth that number of 1.44 MB floppies.
Format all of the floppies with
MS-DOS.
Do
not
make any of them bootable
MS-DOS
floppies, i.e. don't use
format /s
to format them.
(If the floppies are bootable, then the
MS-DOS
system files that make them bootable will take up some space, and you
won't be able to fit the distribution set parts on the disks.)
If you're using floppies that are formatted for
MS-DOS
by their manufacturers, they probably aren't bootable, and you can use
them out of the box.
Place all of the
set_name.xx
files on the
MS-DOS
disks.
Once you have the files on MS-DOS disks, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading.
204.152.184.36
and the IPv6 address is
2001:4f8:1:c:230:48ff:fe31:43f2
(as of December, 2006).
Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading.
/etc/exports
file on of the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd).
(Both of these actions will probably require superuser
privileges on the server.)
You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if you don't have DHCP available on your network and the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself.
Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the information mentioned above, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading.
If you're making the tape on a UNIX-like system, the easiest way to do so is probably something like:
# tar -cf tape_device dist_directories
where
tape_device
is the name of the tape device that
describes the tape drive you're using; possibly
/dev/rst0,
or something similar, but it will vary from system to system.
(If you can't figure it out, ask your system administrator.)
In the above example,
dist_directories
are the
distribution sets' directories, for the distribution sets you
wish to place on the tape.
For instance, to put the
misc, base, and etc
distributions on tape (in
order to do the absolute minimum installation to a new disk),
you would do the following:
# cd .../NetBSD-4.0_RC2
# cd cats/binary
# tar -cf tape_device misc etc kern
Once you have the files on the tape, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading.
A cats machine usually needs little or no preparation before installing NetBSD, other than the usual, well advised precaution of backing up all data on any attached storage devices.
Booting from floppy disk is not currently supported.
Go to one of the
NetBSD
mirror sites and download CD-R image from the
pub/NetBSD/iso
directory.
http://www.NetBSD.org/mirrors/#iso
Get and install cdrecord.
This is available in the packages collection under pkgsrc/sysutils/cdrtools.
Systems not supported by the packages
collection should get it from the official website:
ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/pkgsrc/sysutils/cdrtools/README.html
http://www.fokus.gmd.de/research/cc/glone/employees/joerg.schilling/private/cdrecord.html
# cdrecord -v speed=4 dev=/dev/cd1d output.iso
You will need to substitute the correct name of the disk image file,
speed for your CD writer, and the
correct device for your system (for i386 it would be
/dev/cd1d).
boot> boot cd0:/netbsd
Using sysinst, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. You still should read this document and have it in hand when doing the installation process. This document tries to be a good guideline for the installation and as such covers many details for the sake of completeness. Do not let this discourage you; the install program is not hard to use.
Should you encounter hardware problems during installation, try rebooting after unplugging removable devices you don't need for installation. Non-removable devices can be disabled with userconf (use boot -c to enter it).
The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while
getting
NetBSD
installed on your hard disk.
sysinst
is a menu driven
installation system that allows for some freedom in doing the
installation.
Sometimes, questions will be asked and in many cases
the default answer will be displayed in brackets
(``[ ]'')
after the question.
If you wish to stop the installation, you may press
CONTROL-C
at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation
process again from scratch by running the
/sysinst
program from the command prompt.
It is not necessary to reboot.
First, let's describe a quick install. The other sections of this document go into the installation procedure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instructions, skip to the next section. This section describes a basic installation, using a CD-ROM install as an example.
.***********************************************.
* NetBSD-4.0_RC2 Install System *
* *
*>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk *
* b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk *
* c: Re-install sets or install additional sets *
* d: Reboot the computer *
* e: Utility menu *
* x: Exit Install System *
.***********************************************.
root,
and set a password for that account.
You are also advised to edit the file
/etc/rc.conf
to match your system needs.
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc.
Further information can be found on
http://www.xfree86.org/.
You may want to read the
boot messages, to notice your disk's name and capacity.
Its name will be something like
sd0
or
wd0
and the geometry will be
printed on a line that begins with its name.
As mentioned above, you may need your disk's geometry when creating
NetBSD's
partitions.
You will also need to know the name, to tell
sysinst
on which disk
to install.
The most important thing to know is that
wd0
is
NetBSD's
name for your first IDE disk,
wd1
the second, etc.
sd0
is your first SCSI disk,
sd1
the second, etc.
Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot messages, you will be presented with a welcome message and a main menu. It will also include instructions for using the menus.
If you will not use network operation during the installation, but you do want your machine to be configured for networking once it is installed, you should first go to the Utility menu, and select the Configure network option. If you only want to temporarily use networking during the installation, you can specify these parameters later. If you are not using the Domain Name System (DNS), you can give an empty response in reply to answers relating to this.
To start the installation, select Install NetBSD to hard disk from the main menu.
The first thing is to identify the disk on which you want to
install
NetBSD.
sysinst
will report a list of disks it finds
and ask you for your selection.
Depending on how many disks are found, you may get a different message.
You should see disk names like
wd0,
wd1,
sd0
or
sd1.
You will be asked if you want to use the entire disk or only part of the disk. If you decide to use the entire disk for NetBSD, it will be checked if there are already other systems present on the disk, and you will be asked to confirm whether you want to overwrite these.
The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is called a disklabel. There are 4 layouts for the NetBSD part of the disk that you can pick from: Standard, Standard with X, Custom and Use Existing. The first two use a set of default values (that you can change) suitable for a normal installation, possibly including X. With the Custom option you can specify everything yourself. The last option uses the partition info already present on the disk.
You will be presented with the current layout of the NetBSD disklabel, and given a chance to change it. For each partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block and fragment size, and the mount point. The type that NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 4.2BSD. A swap partition has a special type called swap. Some partitions in the disklabel have a fixed purpose.
a/)
bcd-he
is the partition mounted on
/usr,
but this is historical practice and not a fixed value.
You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel. The default response will be ok for most purposes. If you choose to name it something different, make sure the name is a single word and contains no special characters. You don't need to remember this name.
You are now at the point of no return.
Nothing has been
written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to
install
NetBSD,
your hard drive will be modified.
If you are sure you want to proceed, enter
yes
at the prompt.
The install program will now label your disk and make the file systems you specified. The file systems will be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installation. If there are, restart from the beginning of the installation process. Otherwise, you can continue the installation program after pressing the return key.
The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of sets, that come in the form of gzipped tarfiles. A few sets must be installed for a working system, others are optional. At this point of the installation, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first load the sets on your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly.
For all these methods, the first step is making the sets available for extraction, and then do the actual installation. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sections describe each of those methods. After reading the one about the method you will be using, you can continue to the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'.
To be able to install using ftp, you first need to configure
your network setup, if you haven't already at the start of
the install procedure.
sysinst
will do this for you, asking you
if you want to use DHCP, and if not
to provide data like IP address, hostname, etc.
If you do not have name service set up for the machine that you
are installing on, you can just press
RETURN
in answer to these questions, and DNS will not be used.
You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, the account name and password used to log into that host using ftp, and optionally a proxy server to use. If you did not set up DNS when answering the questions to configure networking, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the ftp server.
sysinst will proceed to transfer all the default set files from the remote site to your hard disk.
To be able to install using NFS, you first need to configure
your network setup, if you haven't already at the start of
the install procedure.
sysinst
will do this for you, asking you
if you want to use DHCP, and if not
to provide data like IP address, hostname, etc.
If you do not have name service set up for the machine that you
are installing on, you can just press
RETURN
in answer to these questions, and DNS will not be used.
You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e. correctly exported to your machine.
If you did not set up DNS when answering the questions to configure networking, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server.
When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify
the device name for your CD-ROM player
(usually cd0),
and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are.
sysinst will then check if the files are indeed available in the specified location, and proceed to the actual extraction of the sets.
In order to install from a local file system, you will
need to specify the device that the file system resides
on
(for example sd1e)
the type of the file system,
and the directory on the specified file system where the sets are located.
sysinst
will then check if it
can indeed access the sets at that location.
This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a file system that is already accessible. sysinst will ask you for the name of this directory.
After the install sets containing the NetBSD distribution have been made available, you can either extract all the sets (a full installation), or only extract sets that you have selected. In the latter case, you will be shown the currently selected sets, and given the opportunity to select the sets you want. Some sets always need to be installed (kern, base) and etc they will not be shown in this selection menu.
Before extraction begins, you can elect to watch the files being extracted; the name of each file that is extracted will be shown. This can slow down the installation process considerably, especially on machines with slow graphics consoles or serial consoles.
After all the files have been extracted, all the necessary device node files will be created. If you have already configured networking, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the network configuration files. The next menu will allow you to select the time zone that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC. Finally you will be asked to select a password encryption algorithm and can then set a password for the "root" account, to prevent the machine coming up without access restrictions.
Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 4.0_RC2 .
To finalize the installation of NetBSD/cats certain parameters on the Cyclone firmware need to changed. The reason is that the Cyclone firmware is unable to boot anything other than an a.out format kernels.
Kernels created on a NetBSD/cats 4.0_RC2 system are natively ELF and converted to a.out. This conversion process loses the symbol information used for, amongst other things, kernel memory grovelers such as vmstat. The workaround to the problem is to provide both the native ELF kernel (with all the symbol information) and the a.out kernel. These are available as /netbsd and /netbsd.aout respectively. As the a.out format kernel is not named in such a way that the Cyclone firmware will automatically find it the following command should be issued as the firmware prompt.
boot> set boot wd0:/netbsd.aout
You can now reboot the machine, and boot NetBSD from hard disk.
Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state, with the most important ones described below.
/etc/rc.conf
If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of
/etc/rc.conf
(sysinst
usually will),
the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the
message
/etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted.
and with the root file system
(/)
mounted read-only.
When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply press
RETURN
to get to a
/bin/sh
prompt.
If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with
vt220
(or whatever is appropriate for your terminal type)
and press
RETURN.
You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key
to work properly, depending on your keyboard:
# stty erase '^h'
# stty erase '^?'
At this point, you need to configure at least
one file in the
/etc
directory.
You will need to mount your root file system read/write with:
# /sbin/mount -u -w /
Change to the
/etc
directory and take a look at the
/etc/rc.conf
file.
Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set
rc_configured=YES
so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can
proceed.
Default values for the various programs can be found in
/etc/defaults/rc.conf,
where some in-line documentation may be found.
More complete documentation can be found in
rc.conf(5).
If your
/usr
directory is on a separate partition and you do not know how to use
ed,
you will have to mount your
/usr
partition to gain access to
ex
or
vi.
Do the following:
# mount /usr
# export TERM=vt220
If you have
/var
on a separate partition, you need to repeat that step for it.
After that, you can edit
/etc/rc.conf
with
vi(1).
When you have finished, type
exit
at the prompt to
leave the single-user shell and continue with the multi-user boot.
Other values that need to be set in
/etc/rc.conf
for a networked environment are
hostname
and possibly
defaultroute,
furthermore add an
ifconfig_int
for your
<int>
network interface,
along the lines of
ifconfig_de0="inet 123.45.67.89 netmask 255.255.255.0"
or, if you have
myname.my.dom
in
/etc/hosts:
ifconfig_de0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0"
To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an
/etc/resolv.conf
file or (if you are feeling a little more adventurous) run
named(8).
See
resolv.conf(5)
or
named(8)
for more information.
Instead of manually configuring network and naming service,
DHCP can be used by setting
dhclient=YES
in
/etc/rc.conf.
Other files in
/etc
that may require modification or setting up include
/etc/mailer.conf,
/etc/nsswitch.conf,
and
/etc/wscons.conf.
For the
savecore(8)
facility to work with the a.out and elf kernel images supplied with
cats installations you will need to set
savecore_flags="-z -N /netbsd"
After reboot, you can log in as
root
at the login prompt.
Unless you've set a password in
sysinst,
there
is no initial password.
If you're using the machine in a networked environment,
you should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the
``root''
account with good passwords.
By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via
ssh(1)).
One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different
user that belongs to group
``wheel''
(see
group(5))
and use
su(1)
to become root.
Unless you have connected an unusual terminal device as the console
you can just press
RETURN
when it prompts for
Terminal type? [...].
Use the
useradd(8)
command to add accounts to your system.
Do not
edit
/etc/passwd
directly! See
vipw(8)
and
pwd_mkdb(8)
if you want to edit the password database.
If you have installed the X Window System, look at the files in
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc
for information.
Don't forget to add
/usr/X11R6/bin
to your path in your shell's dot file so that you have access to the X binaries.
If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system. This automatically handles any changes necessary to make the software run on NetBSD, retrieval and installation of any other packages on which the software may depend, and simplifies installation (and deinstallation), both from source and precompiled binaries.
4.0_RC2/cats/All
subdir.
You can install them with the following commands under
sh(1):
# PKG_PATH=ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/4.0_RC2/cats/All # export PKG_PATH # pkg_add -v tcsh # pkg_add -v bash # pkg_add -v perl # pkg_add -v apache # pkg_add -v kde # pkg_add -v firefox ...
If you are using
csh(1)
then replace the first two lines with the following:
# setenv PKG_PATH ftp://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/4.0_RC2/cats/All ...
The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shell, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on.
/usr/pkgsrc
(though other locations work fine), with the commands:
# mkdir /usr/pkgsrc
# cd /usr/pkgsrc
# tar -zxpf pkgsrc.tar.gz
After extracting, see the
README
and
doc/pkgsrc.txt
files in the extraction directory (e.g.
/usr/pkgsrc/README)
for more information.
/etc/mail/aliases
to forward root mail to the right place.
Don't forget to run
newaliases(1)
afterwards.
/etc/mail/sendmail.cf
file will almost definitely need to be adjusted;
files aiding in this can be found in
/usr/share/sendmail.
See the
README
file there for more information.
If you prefer postfix as MTA, adjust
/etc/mailer.conf.
/etc/rc.local
to run any local daemons you use.
/etc
files are documented in section 5 of the manual; so just invoking
# man 5 filename
is likely to give you more information on these files.
The upgrade to NetBSD4.0_RC2 is a binary upgrade; it can be quite difficult to update the system from an earlier version by recompiling from source, primarily due to interdependencies in the various components.
To do the upgrade, you must have the boot floppy
available.
You must also have at least the
base
and
kern
binary distribution sets available, so that you can upgrade with them,
using one of the upgrade methods described above.
Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the
new binaries.
Since files already installed on the system are overwritten in place,
you only need additional free space for files which weren't previously
installed or to account for growth of the sets between releases.
If you have a few megabytes free on each of your root
(/)
and
/usr
partitions, you should have enough space.
Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, the boot blocks on your NetBSD partition, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to back up any important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operating system's partition on your disk before beginning the upgrade process.
The upgrade procedure using the
sysinst
tool is similar to an installation, but without the hard disk partitioning.
sysinst
will attempt to merge the settings stored in your
/etc
directory with the new version of
NetBSD.
Getting the binary
sets is done in the same manner as the installation procedure;
refer to the installation part of the document
for how to do this.
Also, some sanity checks are done, i.e.
file systems are checked before unpacking the sets.
After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your
machine is a complete
NetBSD4.0_RC2
system.
However, that doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process.
You will probably want to update the set of device
nodes you have in
/dev.
If you've changed the contents of
/dev
by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if
not, you can just cd into
/dev,
and run the command:
# sh MAKEDEV all
Finally, you will want to delete old binaries that were part of the version of NetBSD that you upgraded from and have since been removed from the NetBSD distribution.
NetBSD/cats has switched its executable format from the old a.out format to ELF, the now more commonly used and supported format. Your old binaries will continue to work just fine. The installation procedure will try to take the necessary steps to accomplish this.
The most important step is to move the old a.out shared libraries in
/usr/lib
and
/usr/X11R6/lib
(if X was installed) to
/emul/aout,
where they will be automatically found if an older a.out binary
is executed.
sysinst
will use an existing
/emul
and / or
/emul/aout
directory if available, and will create it (as a symbolic link to
/usr/aout)
if necessary.
If you already had a
/emul
directory, or a symbolic link by that name,
sysinst
should rename it and tell you about it.
Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 4.0_RC2 .
It is
very important
that you populate the directory
/etc/pam.d
with appropriate configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules
(PAM) because you will not be able to login any more otherwise. Using
postinstall
as described below will take care of this. Please refer to
http://www.netbsd.org/guide/en/chap-pam.html
for documentation about PAM.
The following issues can generally be resolved by extracting the etc set into a temporary directory and running postinstall:
postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check
postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix
Issues fixed by postinstall:
/etc
need upgrading.
These include:
/etc/defaults/*
/etc/mtree/*
/etc/pam.d/*
/etc/daily
/etc/weekly
/etc/monthly
/etc/security
/etc/rc.subr
/etc/rc
/etc/rc.shutdown
/etc/rc.d/*
The following issues need to be resolved manually:
The following issues can generally be resolved by extracting the etc set into a temporary directory and running postinstall:
postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz check
postinstall -s /path/to/etc.tgz fix
Issues fixed by postinstall:
/etc
need upgrading.
These include:
/etc/defaults/*
/etc/mtree/*
/etc/daily
/etc/weekly
/etc/monthly
/etc/security
/etc/rc.subr
/etc/rc
/etc/rc.shutdown
/etc/rc.d/*
/etc/envsys.conf
The following issues need to be resolved manually:
Documentation is available if you first install the manual
distribution set.
Traditionally, the
``man pages''
(documentation) are denoted by
`name(section)'.
Some examples of this are
intro(1),
man(1),
apropros(1),
passwd(1),
and
passwd(5).
The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8.
The man command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering man[ section] topic. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter
# man passwd
to read the documentation for
passwd(1).
To view the documentation for
passwd(5),
enter
# man 5 passwd
instead.
If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter
# apropos subject-word
where subject-word is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed.
If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at majordomo@NetBSD.org. To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instructions.
There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and questions about this release. Please send comments to: netbsd-comments@NetBSD.org.
To report bugs, use the
send-pr(1)
command shipped with
NetBSD,
and fill in as much information about the problem as you can.
Good bug reports include lots of details.
Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to:
netbsd-bugs@NetBSD.org.
Use of
send-pr(1)
is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it
are entered into the
NetBSD
bugs database, and thus can't slip through
the cracks.
There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit http://www.NetBSD.org/MailingLists/. If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below).
If you'd like to help with this effort, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: netbsd-help@NetBSD.org.
As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it.
Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick
for their ongoing work on BSD systems, support, and encouragement.
(in alphabetical order)
| The NetBSD core group: | |||
| Alistair Crooks | agc@NetBSD.org | ||
| YAMAMOTO Takashi | yamt@NetBSD.org | ||
| Matt Thomas | matt@NetBSD.org | ||
| Valeriy E. Ushakov | uwe@NetBSD.org | ||
| Christos Zoulas | christos@NetBSD.org | ||
|
| |||
| The portmasters (and their ports): | |||
| Anders Magnusson | ragge | vax | |
| Andrey Petrov | petrov | sparc64 | |
| Ben Harris | bjh21 | acorn26 | |
| Cherry G. Mathew | cherry | ia64 | |
| Chris Gilbert | chris | cats | |
| Darrin Jewell | dbj | next68k | |
| Erik Berls | cyber | cobalt | |
| Frank van der Linden | fvdl | amd64 | |
| Frank van der Linden | fvdl | i386 | |
| Gavan Fantom | gavan | iyonix | |
| IWAMOTO Toshihiro | toshii | hpcarm | |
| Ichiro FUKUHARA | ichiro | hpcarm | |
| Ignatios Souvatzis | is | amiga | |
| Izumi Tsutsui | tsutsui | ews4800mips | |
| Izumi Tsutsui | tsutsui | hp300 | |
| Izumi Tsutsui | tsutsui | news68k | |
| Jaime A Fournier | ober | zaurus | |
| Jason Thorpe | thorpej | algor | |
| Jason Thorpe | thorpej | evbarm | |
| Jason Thorpe | thorpej | shark | |
| Jonathan Stone | jonathan | pmax | |
| Julian Coleman | jdc | atari | |
| Manuel Bouyer | bouyer | xen | |
| Marcus Comstedt | marcus | dreamcast | |
| Martin Husemann | martin | sparc64 | |
| Matt Fredette | fredette | sun2 | |
| Matt Thomas | matt | alpha | |
| Matt Thomas | matt | netwinder | |
| Matthias Drochner | drochner | cesfic | |
| Michael Lorenz | macallan | macppc | |
| NISHIMURA Takeshi | nsmrtks | x68k | |
| Nathan Williams | nathanw | sun3 | |
| Nick Hudson | skrll | hp700 | |
| Noriyuki Soda | soda | arc | |
| Paul Kranenburg | pk | sparc | |
| Phil Nelson | phil | pc532 | |
| Reinoud Zandijk | reinoud | acorn32 | |
| Ross Harvey | ross | alpha | |
| Søren Jørvang | soren | sgimips | |
| Scott Reynolds | scottr | mac68k | |
| Shin Takemura | takemura | hpcmips | |
| Simon Burge | simonb | evbmips | |
| Simon Burge | simonb | pmax | |
| Simon Burge | simonb | sbmips | |
| Steve Woodford | scw | evbppc | |
| Steve Woodford | scw | mvme68k | |
| Steve Woodford | scw | mvmeppc | |
| Takayoshi Kochi | kochi | ia64 | |
| Tim Rightnour | garbled | prep | |
| Tohru Nishimura | nisimura | luna68k | |
| Tohru Nishimura | nisimura | sandpoint | |
| UCHIYAMA Yasushi | uch | hpcsh | |
| UCHIYAMA Yasushi | uch | playstation2 | |
| Wayne Knowles | wdk | mipsco | |
| Wolfgang Solfrank | ws | ofppc | |
|
| |||
| The NetBSD 4.0_RC2 Release Engineering team: | |||
| Grant Beattie | grant@NetBSD.org | ||
| Manuel Bouyer | bouyer@NetBSD.org | ||
| David Brownlee | abs@NetBSD.org | ||
| Pavel Cahyna | pavel@NetBSD.org | ||
| James Chacon | jmc@NetBSD.org | ||
| Julian Coleman | jdc@NetBSD.org | ||
| Håvard Eidnes | he@NetBSD.org | ||
| Liam J. Foy | liamjfoy@NetBSD.org | ||
| John Heasley | heas@NetBSD.org | ||
| Geert Hendrickx | ghen@NetBSD.org | ||
| Soren Jacobsen | snj@NetBSD.org | ||
| Daniel de Kok | daniel@NetBSD.org | ||
| Phil Nelson | phil@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jeff Rizzo | riz@NetBSD.org | ||
|
| |||
| NetBSD Developers: | |||
| Nathan Ahlstrom | nra@NetBSD.org | ||
| Steve Allen | wormey@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jukka Andberg | jandberg@NetBSD.org | ||
| Julian Assange | proff@NetBSD.org | ||
| Lennart Augustsson | augustss@NetBSD.org | ||
| Christoph Badura | bad@NetBSD.org | ||
| Bang Jun-Young | junyoung@NetBSD.org | ||
| Dieter Baron | dillo@NetBSD.org | ||
| Robert V. Baron | rvb@NetBSD.org | ||
| Alan Barrett | apb@NetBSD.org | ||
| Grant Beattie | grant@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jason Beegan | jtb@NetBSD.org | ||
| Erik Berls | cyber@NetBSD.org | ||
| Hiroyuki Bessho | bsh@NetBSD.org | ||
| John Birrell | jb@NetBSD.org | ||
| Mason Loring Bliss | mason@NetBSD.org | ||
| Charles Blundell | cb@NetBSD.org | ||
| Rafal Boni | rafal@NetBSD.org | ||
| Stephen Borrill | sborrill@NetBSD.org | ||
| Sean Boudreau | seanb@NetBSD.org | ||
| Manuel Bouyer | bouyer@NetBSD.org | ||
| John Brezak | brezak@NetBSD.org | ||
| Allen Briggs | briggs@NetBSD.org | ||
| Mark Brinicombe | mark@NetBSD.org | ||
| Aaron Brown | abrown@NetBSD.org | ||
| Andrew Brown | atatat@NetBSD.org | ||
| David Brownlee | abs@NetBSD.org | ||
| Frederick Bruckman | fredb@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jon Buller | jonb@NetBSD.org | ||
| Simon Burge | simonb@NetBSD.org | ||
| Robert Byrnes | byrnes@NetBSD.org | ||
| Pavel Cahyna | pavel@NetBSD.org | ||
| D'Arcy J.M. Cain | darcy@NetBSD.org | ||
| Dave Carrel | carrel@NetBSD.org | ||
| Daniel Carosone | dan@NetBSD.org | ||
| James Chacon | jmc@NetBSD.org | ||
| Bill Coldwell | billc@NetBSD.org | ||
| Julian Coleman | jdc@NetBSD.org | ||
| Ben Collver | ben@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jeremy Cooper | jeremy@NetBSD.org | ||
| Chuck Cranor | chuck@NetBSD.org | ||
| Alistair Crooks | agc@NetBSD.org | ||
| Aidan Cully | aidan@NetBSD.org | ||
| Garrett D'Amore | gdamore@NetBSD.org | ||
| Johan Danielsson | joda@NetBSD.org | ||
| John Darrow | jdarrow@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jed Davis | jld@NetBSD.org | ||
| Matt DeBergalis | deberg@NetBSD.org | ||
| Arnaud Degroote | degroote@NetBSD.org | ||
| Rob Deker | deker@NetBSD.org | ||
| Chris G. Demetriou | cgd@NetBSD.org | ||
| Tracy Di Marco White | gendalia@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jaromír Dolecek | jdolecek@NetBSD.org | ||
| Andy Doran | ad@NetBSD.org | ||
| Roland Dowdeswell | elric@NetBSD.org | ||
| Emmanuel Dreyfus | manu@NetBSD.org | ||
| Matthias Drochner | drochner@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jun Ebihara | jun@NetBSD.org | ||
| Håvard Eidnes | he@NetBSD.org | ||
| Stoned Elipot | seb@NetBSD.org | ||
| Michael van Elst | mlelstv@NetBSD.org | ||
| Enami Tsugutomo | enami@NetBSD.org | ||
| Bernd Ernesti | veego@NetBSD.org | ||
| Erik Fair | fair@NetBSD.org | ||
| Gavan Fantom | gavan@NetBSD.org | ||
| Hauke Fath | hauke@NetBSD.org | ||
| Hubert Feyrer | hubertf@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jason R. Fink | jrf@NetBSD.org | ||
| Matt J. Fleming | mjf@NetBSD.org | ||
| Liam J. Foy | liamjfoy@NetBSD.org | ||
| Matt Fredette | fredette@NetBSD.org | ||
| Thorsten Frueauf | frueauf@NetBSD.org | ||
| Castor Fu | castor@NetBSD.org | ||
| Ichiro Fukuhara | ichiro@NetBSD.org | ||
| Quentin Garnier | cube@NetBSD.org | ||
| Thomas Gerner | thomas@NetBSD.org | ||
| Simon J. Gerraty | sjg@NetBSD.org | ||
| Justin Gibbs | gibbs@NetBSD.org | ||
| Chris Gilbert | chris@NetBSD.org | ||
| Eric Gillespie | epg@NetBSD.org | ||
| Adam Glass | glass@NetBSD.org | ||
| Michael Graff | explorer@NetBSD.org | ||
| Brian C. Grayson | bgrayson@NetBSD.org | ||
| Matthew Green | mrg@NetBSD.org | ||
| Andreas Gustafsson | gson@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino | itojun@NetBSD.org | ||
| Juergen Hannken-Illjes | hannken@NetBSD.org | ||
| Charles M. Hannum | mycroft@NetBSD.org | ||
| Ben Harris | bjh21@NetBSD.org | ||
| Ross Harvey | ross@NetBSD.org | ||
| Eric Haszlakiewicz | erh@NetBSD.org | ||
| John Hawkinson | jhawk@NetBSD.org | ||
| HAMAJIMA Katsuomi | hamajima@NetBSD.org | ||
| HAYAKAWA Koichi | haya@NetBSD.org | ||
| John Heasley | heas@NetBSD.org | ||
| Geert Hendrickx | ghen@NetBSD.org | ||
| René Hexel | rh@NetBSD.org | ||
| Iain Hibbert | plunky@NetBSD.org | ||
| Kouichirou Hiratsuka | hira@NetBSD.org | ||
| Michael L. Hitch | mhitch@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jachym Holecek | freza@NetBSD.org | ||
| Christian E. Hopps | chopps@NetBSD.org | ||
| Ken Hornstein | kenh@NetBSD.org | ||
| Marc Horowitz | marc@NetBSD.org | ||
| Eduardo Horvath | eeh@NetBSD.org | ||
| Nick Hudson | skrll@NetBSD.org | ||
| Shell Hung | shell@NetBSD.org | ||
| Martin Husemann | martin@NetBSD.org | ||
| Dean Huxley | dean@NetBSD.org | ||
| Love Hörnquist Åstrand | lha@NetBSD.org | ||
| Bernardo Innocenti | bernie@NetBSD.org | ||
| Tetsuya Isaki | isaki@NetBSD.org | ||
| ITOH Yasufumi | itohy@NetBSD.org | ||
| IWAMOTO Toshihiro | toshii@NetBSD.org | ||
| Matthew Jacob | mjacob@NetBSD.org | ||
| Soren Jacobsen | snj@NetBSD.org | ||
| Lonhyn T. Jasinskyj | lonhyn@NetBSD.org | ||
| Darrin Jewell | dbj@NetBSD.org | ||
| Nicolas Joly | njoly@NetBSD.org | ||
| Chris Jones | cjones@NetBSD.org | ||
| Søren Jørvang | soren@NetBSD.org | ||
| Takahiro Kambe | taca@NetBSD.org | ||
| Antti Kantee | pooka@NetBSD.org | ||
| Masanori Kanaoka | kanaoka@NetBSD.org | ||
| Frank Kardel | kardel@NetBSD.org | ||
| Mattias Karlsson | keihan@NetBSD.org | ||
| KAWAMOTO Yosihisa | kawamoto@NetBSD.org | ||
| Mario Kemper | magick@NetBSD.org | ||
| Min Sik Kim | minskim@NetBSD.org | ||
| Thomas Klausner | wiz@NetBSD.org | ||
| Klaus Klein | kleink@NetBSD.org | ||
| John Klos | jklos@NetBSD.org | ||
| Wayne Knowles | wdk@NetBSD.org | ||
| Takayoshi Kochi | kochi@NetBSD.org | ||
| John Kohl | jtk@NetBSD.org | ||
| Daniel de Kok | daniel@NetBSD.org | ||
| Paul Kranenburg | pk@NetBSD.org | ||
| Lubomir Kundrak | lkundrak@NetBSD.org | ||
| Martti Kuparinen | martti@NetBSD.org | ||
| Kentaro A. Kurahone | kurahone@NetBSD.org | ||
| Kevin Lahey | kml@NetBSD.org | ||
| David Laight | dsl@NetBSD.org | ||
| Johnny C. Lam | jlam@NetBSD.org | ||
| Martin J. Laubach | mjl@NetBSD.org | ||
| Greg Lehey | grog@NetBSD.org | ||
| Ted Lemon | mellon@NetBSD.org | ||
| Christian Limpach | cl@NetBSD.org | ||
| Frank van der Linden | fvdl@NetBSD.org | ||
| Joel Lindholm | joel@NetBSD.org | ||
| Mike Long | mikel@NetBSD.org | ||
| Michael Lorenz | macallan@NetBSD.org | ||
| Warner Losh | imp@NetBSD.org | ||
| Tomasz Luchowski | zuntum@NetBSD.org | ||
| Federico Lupi | federico@NetBSD.org | ||
| Brett Lymn | blymn@NetBSD.org | ||
| Paul Mackerras | paulus@NetBSD.org | ||
| Anders Magnusson | ragge@NetBSD.org | ||
| MAEKAWA Masahide | gehenna@NetBSD.org | ||
| David Maxwell | david@NetBSD.org | ||
| Dan McMahill | dmcmahill@NetBSD.org | ||
| Gregory McGarry | gmcgarry@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jared D. McNeill | jmcneill@NetBSD.org | ||
| Neil J. McRae | neil@NetBSD.org | ||
| Perry Metzger | perry@NetBSD.org | ||
| Simas Mockevicius | symka@NetBSD.org | ||
| Juan Romero Pardines | xtraeme@NetBSD.org | ||
| Julio M. Merino Vidal | jmmv@NetBSD.org | ||
| Minoura Makoto | minoura@NetBSD.org | ||
| Luke Mewburn | lukem@NetBSD.org | ||
| der Mouse | mouse@NetBSD.org | ||
| Joseph Myers | jsm@NetBSD.org | ||
| Ken Nakata | kenn@NetBSD.org | ||
| Takeshi Nakayama | nakayama@NetBSD.org | ||
| Phil Nelson | phil@NetBSD.org | ||
| John Nemeth | jnemeth@NetBSD.org | ||
| Bob Nestor | rnestor@NetBSD.org | ||
| NISHIMURA Takeshi | nsmrtks@NetBSD.org | ||
| Tohru Nishimura | nisimura@NetBSD.org | ||
| NONAKA Kimihiro | nonaka@NetBSD.org | ||
| Takehiko NOZAKI | tnozaki@NetBSD.org | ||
| Tobias Nygren | tnn@NetBSD.org | ||
| OBATA Akio | obache@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jesse Off | joff@NetBSD.org | ||
| Tatoku Ogaito | tacha@NetBSD.org | ||
| OKANO Takayoshi | kano@NetBSD.org | ||
| Masaru Oki | oki@NetBSD.org | ||
| Atsushi Onoe | onoe@NetBSD.org | ||
| Greg Oster | oster@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jonathan Perkin | sketch@NetBSD.org | ||
| Herb Peyerl | hpeyerl@NetBSD.org | ||
| Matthias Pfaller | matthias@NetBSD.org | ||
| Chris Pinnock | cjep@NetBSD.org | ||
| Adrian Portelli | adrianp@NetBSD.org | ||
| Rui Paulo | rpaulo@NetBSD.org | ||
| Peter Postma | peter@NetBSD.org | ||
| Dante Profeta | dante@NetBSD.org | ||
| Chris Provenzano | proven@NetBSD.org | ||
| Niels Provos | provos@NetBSD.org | ||
| Mindaugas Rasiukevicius | rmind@NetBSD.org | ||
| Michael Rauch | mrauch@NetBSD.org | ||
| Marc Recht | recht@NetBSD.org | ||
| Darren Reed | darrenr@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jeremy C. Reed | reed@NetBSD.org | ||
| Antoine Reilles | tonio@NetBSD.org | ||
| Tyler R. Retzlaff | rtr@NetBSD.org | ||
| Scott Reynolds | scottr@NetBSD.org | ||
| Michael Richardson | mcr@NetBSD.org | ||
| Tim Rightnour | garbled@NetBSD.org | ||
| Alan Ritter | rittera@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jeff Rizzo | riz@NetBSD.org | ||
| Gordon Ross | gwr@NetBSD.org | ||
| Steve Rumble | rumble@NetBSD.org | ||
| Ilpo Ruotsalainen | lonewolf@NetBSD.org | ||
| Heiko W. Rupp | hwr@NetBSD.org | ||
| David Sainty | dsainty@NetBSD.org | ||
| SAITOH Masanobu | msaitoh@NetBSD.org | ||
| Kazuki Sakamoto | sakamoto@NetBSD.org | ||
| Curt Sampson | cjs@NetBSD.org | ||
| Wilfredo Sanchez | wsanchez@NetBSD.org | ||
| Ty Sarna | tsarna@NetBSD.org | ||
| SATO Kazumi | sato@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jan Schaumann | jschauma@NetBSD.org | ||
| Matthias Scheler | tron@NetBSD.org | ||
| Karl Schilke (rAT) | rat@NetBSD.org | ||
| Amitai Schlair | schmonz@NetBSD.org | ||
| Konrad Schroder | perseant@NetBSD.org | ||
| Georg Schwarz | schwarz@NetBSD.org | ||
| Lubomir Sedlacik | salo@NetBSD.org | ||
| Christopher SEKIYA | sekiya@NetBSD.org | ||
| Reed Shadgett | dent@NetBSD.org | ||
| John Shannon | shannonjr@NetBSD.org | ||
| Tim Shepard | shep@NetBSD.org | ||
| Takeshi Shibagaki | shiba@NetBSD.org | ||
| Naoto Shimazaki | igy@NetBSD.org | ||
| Takao Shinohara | shin@NetBSD.org | ||
| Takuya SHIOZAKI | tshiozak@NetBSD.org | ||
| Daniel Sieger | dsieger@NetBSD.org | ||
| Chuck Silvers | chs@NetBSD.org | ||
| Thor Lancelot Simon | tls@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jeff Smith | jeffs@NetBSD.org | ||
| Noriyuki Soda | soda@NetBSD.org | ||
| Wolfgang Solfrank | ws@NetBSD.org | ||
| T K Spindler | dogcow@NetBSD.org | ||
| SOMEYA Yoshihiko | someya@NetBSD.org | ||
| Bill Sommerfeld | sommerfeld@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jörg Sonnenberger | joerg@NetBSD.org | ||
| Ignatios Souvatzis | is@NetBSD.org | ||
| Bill Squier | groo@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jonathan Stone | jonathan@NetBSD.org | ||
| Bill Studenmund | wrstuden@NetBSD.org | ||
| Kevin Sullivan | sullivan@NetBSD.org | ||
| SUNAGAWA Keiki | kei@NetBSD.org | ||
| Kimmo Suominen | kim@NetBSD.org | ||
| Shin Takemura | takemura@NetBSD.org | ||
| TAMURA Kent | kent@NetBSD.org | ||
| Shin'ichiro TAYA | taya@NetBSD.org | ||
| Ian Lance Taylor | ian@NetBSD.org | ||
| Matt Thomas | matt@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jason Thorpe | thorpej@NetBSD.org | ||
| Christoph Toshok | toshok@NetBSD.org | ||
| Greg Troxel | gdt@NetBSD.org | ||
| Tsubai Masanari | tsubai@NetBSD.org | ||
| Izumi Tsutsui | tsutsui@NetBSD.org | ||
| UCHIYAMA Yasushi | uch@NetBSD.org | ||
| Masao Uebayashi | uebayasi@NetBSD.org | ||
| Shuichiro URATA | ur@NetBSD.org | ||
| Valeriy E. Ushakov | uwe@NetBSD.org | ||
| Todd Vierling | tv@NetBSD.org | ||
| Aymeric Vincent | aymeric@NetBSD.org | ||
| Paul Vixie | vixie@NetBSD.org | ||
| Mike M. Volokhov | mishka@NetBSD.org | ||
| Krister Walfridsson | kristerw@NetBSD.org | ||
| Lex Wennmacher | wennmach@NetBSD.org | ||
| Leo Weppelman | leo@NetBSD.org | ||
| Assar Westerlund | assar@NetBSD.org | ||
| Todd Whitesel | toddpw@NetBSD.org | ||
| Nathan Williams | nathanw@NetBSD.org | ||
| Rob Windsor | windsor@NetBSD.org | ||
| Dan Winship | danw@NetBSD.org | ||
| Arnaud Lacombe | alc@NetBSD.org | ||
| Jim Wise | jwise@NetBSD.org | ||
| Michael Wolfson | mbw@NetBSD.org | ||
| Steve Woodford | scw@NetBSD.org | ||
| Colin Wood | ender@NetBSD.org | ||
| YAMAMOTO Takashi | yamt@NetBSD.org | ||
| Yuji Yamano | yyamano@NetBSD.org | ||
| Reinoud Zandijk | reinoud@NetBSD.org | ||
| S.P.Zeidler | spz@NetBSD.org | ||
| Maria Zevenhoven | maria7@NetBSD.org | ||
| Christos Zoulas | christos@NetBSD.org | ||
|
| |||
| Other contributors: | |||
| Dave Burgess | burgess@cynjut.infonet.net | ||
| Brian R. Gaeke | brg@dgate.org | ||
| Brad Grantham | grantham@tenon.com | ||
| Lawrence Kesteloot | kesteloo@cs.unc.edu | ||
| Waldi Ravens | waldi@moacs.indiv.nl.net |
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Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group.
In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original
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